ATPL Formulas

Use this appendix alongside each subject’s key-notes chapter. Formulas are grouped by EASA code.

Sections

1. General guidelines — glide path, turns, load factor, speed chain
2. Navigation & flight planning — G-NAV, FP, R-NAV
3. Performance, mass & POF — V-speeds, CG, lift/drag
4. Meteo, instruments & comms — lapse rates, gyros, VHF range
5. AGK, OPS & air law — electrics, minima, separation