Alerts & warnings

070 Operational ProceduresChapter 5

Required alerting systems

System	Requirement
GPWS	MCTOM over 5,700 kg OR MOPSC over 9 (turbojet and turboprop)
ACAS	MCTOM over 5,700 kg AND MOPSC over 19
Altitude alert	MCTOM over 5,700 kg OR MOPSC over 9
Radio altimeter	MCTOM over 2,700 kg
AWR	Pressurised: all; Unpressurised: MCTOM over 5,700 kg OR MOPSC over 9

Key fact

Altitude alert warns when approaching preselected altitude by 900 ft or deviating by over 300 ft. CAT II/III requires 1 radio altimeter, 2 pilots, height callouts at 200 ft above threshold elevation, and system to record approach/autoland success/failure.

Fire classifications and extinguishers

Class	Material	Ideal extinguisher
A	Solid	Water / foam
B	Liquid	Dry powder / foam
C	Gas	Dry powder
D	Metal	Sand
E	Electrical	CO₂ / Halon (BCF)
F	Oil/fat (cooking)	Wet chemical

Extinguisher colour codes

Colour	Agent
Black	CO₂
Blue	Dry powder
Cream	Foam
Green	Vaporising liquids
Red	Water
Yellow	Wet chemical

Key fact

Cockpit: Halon/CO₂. Wheel-well: dry powder/water spray atomizer. Engine: Halon. Toilets: all available extinguishers simultaneously. Cargo: isolate ventilation system. Hold extinguisher 1.5–2.5 m from source. Halon/CO₂ — not for metal fires. Water — not for liquid, electrical, or chemical fires.

Engine and cabin fire procedures

Fire type	Action
Engine after V1	Continue take-off
Carburettor	Mixture off, open throttle
Tailpipe	Dry cranking
Wheel-well	Water fog, sand, or dry powder — no parking brake

Key fact

Engine fire handle: pull cuts fuel; twist fires extinguisher. Individual warning lights and common bell — lights stay until fire out; bell can be cancelled.

Security and unlawful interference

Key fact

Flight deck doors lock from inside only. If hijacked, fly at IFR level offset: ±500 ft if 1,000 ft separation; ±1,000 ft if 2,000 ft separation (or per ICAO Doc 7030). Attempt to broadcast warning. If bomb found, descend to cabin altitude in landing configuration. State of Registry, Operator, and ICAO notified.

Fuel jettison

Key fact

Must jettison sufficient fuel within 15 minutes to ensure 3.2% go-around climb gradient and get below max landing mass. Preferably above FL060, over water, away from CBs, in a straight line. ATC clearance required.

Emergency landings

Type	Examples
Precautionary	Onset of night, bad weather, passenger incapacitation
Immediate (forced)	Uncontrolled fires, dual engine failure

Key fact

On runway: stop and turn systems off. Over trees: aim for low trees, flaps down, gear up. Evacuation required in 90 seconds through 50% of available emergency exits (MOPSC over 44). Ditching: gear up, flaps down, nose high, parallel to waves (except strong winds); life jackets inflated on exiting.

Bird strikes

Key fact

IBIS — ICAO Birdstrike Information System. Highest risk closest to ground (below 2,500 ft or under 1,500 ft). Commander submits written report after landing if bird strike occurred; report immediately to ATS if seen near airport. Long grass (at least 20 cm) deters birds. Migration info in AIP ENR 5.6.

Dangerous goods

Key fact

ICAO Annex 18 and Technical Instructions (Doc 9284). Incidents reported within 72 hours to State of Operator and State of Occurrence. Non-declared goods found — report without delay. NOTOC provided in English. Classes 1–9 from explosives to miscellaneous.

Exam trap

Fire after V1 — continue take-off, then deal with fire. PBE provides over 15 min oxygen — not the same as quick-don flight deck masks. GPWS and altitude alert thresholds differ: GPWS is terrain-based; altitude alert is 900 ft before / 300 ft deviation from selected altitude.