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Key notes

062 Radio NavigationChapter 6
CodeMeaning
QDMMagnetic TO station
QDRMagnetic FROM station
QUJTrue TO station
QTETrue FROM station
ItemValue
Speed of light3 × 10⁸ m/s
Direct wave range1.23 × (√HT + √HR) nm
Ideal antenna length½ wavelength
HF comms modulationSSB (J3E)
Duct layer thickness~1,000 ft max
ItemValue
NDB frequency190–1750 kHz
Land range2 × √Power (W) nm
Sea range3 × √Power (W) nm
Double rangePower × 4
QDM formulaMH + RB
ADF accuracy± 5°
ItemValue
Frequency108–117.95 MHz
Channel spacing50 kHz
Total channels160
Each CDI dot
Full-scale deflection10°
VOR accuracy (95%)± 5° (worst ± 7.5°)
Monitor shutdownBearing ± 1° or signal −15%
Variation applied atVOR station
ItemValue
Frequency962–1213 MHz (UHF)
Reply offset±63 MHz
Ground delay50 μs
Radar mile12.36 m/μs
Search mode150 pps
Tracking mode24–30 pps
Memory mode10 s
Capacity~100 aircraft
DME/P accuracy± 0.2 nm
Co-located (ENR/APP)2,000 ft / 100 ft
ItemValue
Localiser frequency108–112 MHz (odd)
Glideslope frequency329–335 MHz (UHF)
Markers75 MHz
LOC dot / full scale0.5° / 2.5°
G/S dot / full scale0.14° / 0.7°
LARDLeft/Above 90 Hz; Right/Down 150 Hz
ROD (3° G/S)≈ 5 × GS
CAT I DH / RVR200 ft / 550 m
CAT II DH / RVR100 ft / 300 m
MarkerDistanceTone
Outer4 nm400 Hz (blue)
Middle0.6 nm1,300 Hz (amber)
Inner0.04–0.24 nm3,000 Hz (white)
ItemValue
Radar mile12.36 m/μs
Double range (radar)Power × 16
SSR TX / RX1030 / 1090 MHz
Mode A interval8 μs
Mode C interval21 μs
AWR frequency9.375 GHz
AWR beam width3.5°–5°
AWR tilt± 15°
STC range60 nm
CodeMeaning
7500Hijack
7600Radio failure
7700Emergency
2000Entering non-SSR airspace
ItemValue
Satellites24 (21 + 3 spares)
Orbit height20,200 km
Orbit period12 hrs
L1 frequency1,575.42 MHz
2D / 3D fix3 / 4 satellites
RAIM with exclusion5 satellites
Mask angle5° or 7.5°
Almanac / Ephemeris24 hr / 2 hr update
TypeAccuracy (95%)
B-RNAV± 5 nm
P-RNAV± 1 nm
5-dot ENR1 dot = 1 nm
5-dot APP1 dot = 0.25 nm
InstrumentWavelengthFrequencyRange
NDB/ADFHecto/kilometric190–1750 kHzLand 2√P / Sea 3√P
VORMetric (VHF)108–118 MHz25–300 nm
DMEDecimetric (UHF)960–1215 MHz200 nm
ILS LOCMetric (VHF odd)108–112 MHz25 nm : 10°
ILS G/SDecimetric (UHF)329–335 MHz10 nm : 8°
MLSCentimetric (SHF)5.03–5.09 GHz± 40° : 20 nm
AWRCentimetric (SHF)9,375 MHz50–60 nm
GPSDecimetric (UHF)L1 1,575 MHzGlobal